Características de los debuts diabéticos en los niños ingresados en un hospital terciario durante diez años / Characteristics of diabetic debuts in children admitted to a tertiary hospital for ten years

Introducción. La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 constituye unade las patologías crónicas más frecuentes en la infancia. Suincidencia está sufriendo un incremento en los últimos años.Objetivo. Describir y analizar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, analíticas y terapéuticas en el momentodel debut de la enfermedad, comparándolas entre gruposde edad de los pacientes que debutan con DM1 en nuestraprovincia.Pacientes y métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas de pacientesmenores de 14 años con debut de diabetes tipo 1 entre 2007y 2017 en un hospital de tercer nivel. La muestra se dividiópor edades en tres grupos (0-4 años, 5-9 años,10-14 años).Resultados. Se recogieron 64 pacientes con edad mediade 8,15 años (DE 3,41), el 48,4% entre 5-9 años. No se hallarondiferencias de sexo ni patrón estacional, aunque los pacientesde menor edad debutaron más frecuentemente en invierno.No se observó aumento en la incidencia con el tiempo nidiferencias en los síntomas entre grupos. Debutaron concetoacidosis diabética el 36%, fundamentalmente leves.Encontramos un porcentaje menor de anticuerpos IAA yantiGAD de lo esperado y mayor frecuencia de antecedentesfamiliares positivos. Se observó correlación lineal positivaentre las cifras de bicarbonato y cuerpos cetónicos en sangrey las necesidades de insulina por kg de peso (p 0,025 y p0,05, respectivamente). Los niños de menor edad presentanniveles de HbA1c más bajos al inicio de la enfermedad.Conclusiones. En nuestro medio no se está produciendoun aumento en el número de casos de esta enfermedad, aunque los mismos se concentran a menor edad de la esperada (AU)

Introduction. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the mostfrequent chronic pathologies in childhood. Its incidence hasincreased in the last years.Objective. To analyze the epidemiological, clinical,analytical and therapeutic characteristics at the time of thedisease’s onset, and to compare them between age groupsof those patients with Diabetes mellitus type 1 in our region.Patients and methods. Retrospective observational studyby reviewing the medical records of patients under 14 yearsof age with onset of type 1 diabetes between 2007 and 2017in a tertiary-level hospital. The sample was divided by ageinto three groups (0-4 years, 5-9 years,10-14 years).Results. 64 patients were studied, the mean age was8.15 years (SD 3.41), 48.4% of them between 5-9 years. Nodifferences in sex or seasonal pattern were found, althoughyounger children became ill more frequently in winter. There was no increase in incidence over time ordifferencesin symptoms between groups. 36% debuted with diabeticketoacidosis, mainly mild. We found a lower percentage ofIAA and antiGAD antibodies than expected and a higherfrequency of positive family history. A positive linear correlation was observed between the levels of bicarbonateand ketone bodies in blood and the insulin needs per kg ofweight (p 0.025 and p 0.05 respectively). Younger childrenhave lower HbA1c levels at the beginning of the disease.Conclusions. In our centre there is not an increase in thenumber of cases of this disease, although we found morecases at a younger age than expected. (AU)

Complicaciones neurológicas asociadas a infección por virus Influenza / Neurological complications associated to Influenza virus infection

Objetivos. Revisar las complicaciones neurológicas por virus Influenza y las características clínico-epidemiológicas. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas de niños ingresados con complicaciones neurológicas por virus Influenza entre enero de 2013 y febrero de 2019. Resultados. Se incluyeron 14 pacientes (11 varones), el 85,7% con infección por Influenza A. La mediana de edad fue 2 años (3 meses-11 años). Tenían antecedentes neurológicos 3 (convulsiones febriles). El 64,3% asociaba fiebre, con una duración media de 2,15±2,3 días. Los síntomas neurológicos se presentaron el primer día de fiebre en 7 pacientes. La clínica neurológica fue: convulsión (11/14): 8 febriles y 3 afebriles, encefalopatía (1), cefalea (1) y meningismo (1). En cuanto a las convulsiones febriles, la mediana de edad fue de 3 años. Cuatro tenían más de 6 años. En el 75% la convulsión febril se produjo el primer día de fiebre y en 5 recurrieron en 24 horas. Se aisló Influenza A en el 82% de pacientes con convulsiones. Recibieron tratamiento con oseltamivir 6 pacientes. Ninguno ha presentado secuelas. Conclusiones. En nuestra muestra, el virus más frecuente fue el virus Influenza A, produciendo este la mayoría de las complicaciones a nivel neurológico, especialmente en varones en edad escolar. La complicación más frecuente fue la convulsión, la mayoría convulsiones febriles, aunque hasta en un 28% se presentó a una edad atípica. Al igual que en otras series, el virus Influenza se puede asociar a complicaciones graves como rombencefalitis. En la mayoría de los pacientes los exámenes complementarios fueron normales (AU)

Objectives. To review neurological complications due to influenza virus and clinical-epidemiological characteristics. Material and methods. Descriptive, observational, retrospective study by reviewing clinical records of children admitted with neurological complications due to influenza virus between January 2013-February 2019. Results. Fourteen patients were included (11 males), 85.7% with infection by Influenza A. Median age was 2 years (3 months-11 years). They had neurological history 3 (febrile seizures). The 64.3% associated fever, with a mean duration of 2.15±2.3 days. Neurological symptoms occurred on the first day of fever in 7 patients. The neurological clinic was: seizure (11/14): 8 febrile and 3 afebrile, encephalopathy (1), headache (1) and meningism (1). As for febrile seizures, the median age was 3 years. Four were older than 6 years old. In 75% the febrile seizure occurred on the first day of fever and in 5 they recurred within 24 hours. Influenza A was isolated in 82% of patients with seizures. Six patients were treated with oseltamivir. None of them presented sequelae. Conclusions. In our sample, the most frequent virus was the Influenza A virus, producing most of the neurological complications, especially in school-age males. The most frequent complication was the seizure, mostly febrile seizures; although up to 28% presented at an atypical age. As in other series, the Influenza virus can be associated to serious complications such as rhombencephalitis. In most of the patients, the complementary exams were normal (AU)

Experiences of caregiving and quality of healthcare among caregivers of patients with complex chronic processes: A qualitative study.

Aim To explore the perceptions of main caregivers regarding caring for chronic complex patients in two different regions of Spain. BACKGROUND: Spain is a country with an ageing population and a high number of people with chronic diseases. It is well known that the role of the caregiver is important to ensure quality of life and appropriate care. METHODS: Qualitative design using focus groups. Five focus groups, from two different regions, were conducted with 22 caregivers of people with chronic complex diseases to explore their personal experience, examine the quality of care received by the patient and their family and to develop strategies for the improvement of the quality of health care. The focus groups were audio and video recorded. The transcriptions of the focus group sessions were exported to qualitative software analysis MAXQDA 2018.2. The qualitative content analysis was based on different analytical cycles. RESULTS: In general terms, caregivers would refer to accepting the care of their family members, but they highlight many negative aspects such as tiredness, lack of help and overload of care. They indicated general satisfaction with the health system but indicated that help was insufficient and that strategies to better address the situations of the complex chronic patient should be improved. The main categories observed were: Conclusions. Complex chronic illnesses are increasingly common at present, generating important consequences on the lives of patients and that of their caregivers. The design of any health strategy for facing the dilemma of chronic illnesses, must necessarily include the vision of the caregivers.

Impact of Speller Size on a Visual P300 Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) System under Two Conditions of Constraint for Eye Movement.

The vast majority of P300-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are based on the well-known P300 speller presented by Farwell and Donchin for communication purposes and an alternative to people with neuromuscular disabilities, such as impaired eye movement. The purpose of the present work is to study the effect of speller size on P300-based BCI usability, measured in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction under overt and covert attention conditions. To this end, twelve participants used three speller sizes under both attentional conditions to spell 12 symbols. The results indicated that the speller size had, in both attentional conditions, a significant influence on performance. In both conditions (covert and overt), the best performances were obtained with the small and medium speller sizes, both being the most effective. The speller size did not significantly affect workload on the three speller sizes. In contrast, covert attention condition produced very high workload due to the increased resources expended to complete the task. Regarding users' preferences, significant differences were obtained between speller sizes. The small speller size was considered as the most complex, the most stressful, the less comfortable, and the most tiring. The medium speller size was always considered in the medium rank, which is the speller size that was evaluated less frequently and, for each dimension, the worst one. In this sense, the medium and the large speller sizes were considered as the most satisfactory. Finally, the medium speller size was the one to which the three standard dimensions were collected: high effectiveness, high efficiency, and high satisfaction. This work demonstrates that the speller size is an important parameter to consider in improving the usability of P300 BCI for communication purposes. The obtained results showed that using the proposed medium speller size, performance and satisfaction could be improved.